Η Διατατική Οστεογένεση σε Αντιπαράθεση με την Ορθογναθική Χειρουργική
Καρακάσης Α.1, Βένετης Γ.2, Αντωνιάδης Β.3
Συζήτηση αντιπαράθεσης που πραγματοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια του
14ου Συνεδρίου της Ε.Ε.Σ.Γ.Π.Χ. (Σάββατο 2 Δεκεμβρίου 2000)
1. Καθηγητής Γναθοχειρουργικής ΑΠΘ (συντονιστής)
2. Γναθοχερουργός (διατατική οστεογένεση)
3. Γναθοχερουργός (ορθογναθική χειρουργική)
Αρχεία Ελληνικής Στοματικής και Γναθοπροσωπικής Χειρουργικής 2(1): 14 - 25, 2001.
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Η συζήτηση αντιπαράθεσης περιστράφηκε σε πέντε ερωτήματα που τέθηκαν από το συντονιστή. Αυτά
αναφέρονταν: α) στις ενδείξεις και στους περιορισμούς, β) στις ιστολογικές μεταβολές που λαμβάνουν
χώρα στο οστούν και στους περιβάλλοντες ιστούς, γ) στη σταθερότητα του τελικού αποτελέσματος, δ) στο
βαθμό υποτροπής και ε) στα ειδικά χαρακτηριστικά κάθε μιας από τις δύο μεθόδους. Τα υπέρ και τα κατά
κάθε τεχνικής τονίσθηκαν από τους ομιλητές με βάση τα στοιχεία της σύγχρονης βιβλιογραφίας. Ο πλέον
σημαντικός παράγων στη διατατική οστεογένεση φαίνεται να είναι η συνεπαγόμενη διάταση των περιβαλλόντων
μαλθακών ιστών, που συμβάλλει στη σταθερότητα του τελικού αποτελέσματος στο σκελετό.
Τέλος συμπεραίνεται ότι οι κλασικές οστεοτομίες της ορθογναθικής θα συνεχίσουν να αποτελούν το
συνήθη τρόπο αντιμετώπισης των υποπλασιών των γνάθων, ενώ η διατατική οστεογένεση, όντας μια συνεχώς
εξελισσόμενη και πολλά υποσχόμενη τεχνική, θα χρησιμοποιείται περισσότερο για τις συγκεκριμένες
της ενδείξεις
Λέξεις κλειδιά: Διατατική Οστεογένεση, Ορθογναθική Χειρουργική
REFERENCES
Amett G, Tamborello J: Progressive class II development. Oral
Maxillofac Surg. Clin Ν Am 2:699, 1990
Amett G, Milam S, Gottesman L: Progressive mandibular
retrusion-idiopathic condylar resoresion. AJ Orthod Dentofac
Orthop 110:8, 1996
Ayoub A, Stirrups D, Moos K: Stability of sagittal split
advancement osteotomy: Single versus double jaw surgery.
Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 10: 181, 1995
Ayoub A, Trotman D, Strirrups J: Stability of bimaxillary
osteotomy following surgical correction of class II skeletal
deformities. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 35: 107, 1997
Bell W, Jacobs J, Quejeda J: Simultaneous repositioning of the
maxilla mandible and chin. Am J Orthod 89: 28, 1985
Bell W, Proffit W, White R: Surgical correction of dentofacial
deformities. Saunders. Philadelphia 1980, pp 230-250
Bishara S, Chu G: Comparison of posturgical stability of the Le
Fort I maxillary impaction and maxillary advancement. Am J
Orhtod Dentofac Orthop 102: 335, 1992
Bouwman J, Derstens H, Tuinzing D: Condylar resorption in
orthognathic surgery: the role of intermaxillary fixation. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78: 138, 1994.
Brammer J, Finn R, Bell W, Dana K: Stability after bimaxillary
surgery to correct vertical maxillary excess and mandibular
deficiency. J Oral Surg 38: 664, 1980
Carls F, Jacson I, Topf J: Distraction osteogenesis for lengthening
of the hard palate. Part I. A possible new treatment for
veopharyngeal incompetence. Plast Reconstr Surg 100(7):
1635, 1997
Carlson D, Ellis E: Stability and muscle adaptation after
mandibular advancement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
68: 135,1989
Codivilla A: On the means of lengthening the lower limbs. The
muscles and tissues which are shortened through deformity.
Am J Orthop Surg 2: 353, 1905
Cohen Sr, Lefaivre JF, Burstein FD: Surgical treatment of
obstructive sleep apnea in neurologically compromized
patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 99(3): 638, 1997
Corcoran J, Hubli EH, Salyer KE: Distraction Osteogenesis of
costochondral neomandibles: a clinical experience. Plastic
Rec Surg 100 (2): 311, 1997
Ellis E, Carlson D: Neuro muscular adaptation after orthognathic
surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin Ν Am 2:811, 1990
Ellis E, Mc Namara J: Components of adult class II open bite
malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43: 92, 1985
Ellis E, Throckmorton GS, Sinn DP: Bite forces before and after
surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 54: 176, 1996
Epker BN, Stella Fish L: Dentofacial Deformities. Sec. edition.
Mosby 1996, pp. 138-210
Epker B: Superior surgical repositioning of the maxilla long term
results. J Max-Fac Surg 9: 237, 1981
Fisher E, Staffenberg D, McCarthy J: Histopathologic and
biochemical changes in the muscles affected by distraction
osteogenesis of the mandible. Plastic Reconstr Surg 99(2):
366, 1997
Friedrich RE, Hellner D, Plambeck K, Schmelzle R: Application
of B-scan ultrasonography for analysis of callus distraction in
vasularized fibular grafts of the mandible: a report of three
patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55(6): 635, 1997
Freihofer HPM, Petresevic D: Late Results after advancing the
Mandible by Sagital Splitting of the Rami. J Max - Fac Surg
3: 250, 1975
Freihofer HPM: Results of Osteotomies of the Facial Skeleton in
Adolescence. J Max-Fac Surg 5: 267, 1977
Gaggl A, Schultes G, Santler G, Karher H: DISSIS-distraction
implants. A new possibility for alveolar ridge and dental
implantation in a single step technique. 2nd International
Congress on Cranial and Facial Bone Distraction Processes.
Paris June 17-19 1999. Ed Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi
Editore 1999, pp. 163-169
Gateno J, Teichgraeber J, Aguilar E: Computer planning for
distraction Osteogenesis. Plastic and Reconstr Surg 105 (3):
873, 2000
Gutbirth M, Van Sickels J, Trash W: Condylar resorption after
bicortical screw fixation of mandibular advacement. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 56: 178, 1998
Henderson D: Orthognathic Surgery. Wolfe Medical Publications
Ltd London pp 1985, 78-90
Hiranaka D, Kelly S: Stability of simultaneous orthognathic
surgery and the maxilla and mandible. Int J Adult Orthod
Orthognath Surg 2: 193, 1987
Hollinger J, Buck P, Bruder S: Tissue Engineering. Quintessence
Publishing Co 1999, pp. 17-53
Hoppenkeijs T, Freihofer H, Steogling P: Skeletal and dento
alveolar stability of Le fort I intrusion osteotomies and bimaxillary osteotomies in anterior open bite deformities. Int
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26: 161, 1997
Hoppenreijs T, Stoeling P, Grace K, Robben C: Long term
evaluation of patients with progressive condylar resorption
following orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28:
411, 1999
Ilizarov GA: Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Intraosseous
Distractive Ostheosynthesis. Moscow, 1977
Ilizarov G A: The principles of the Ilizarov method. Bull Hosp
Joint Dis 48: 1, 1988
Karakasis D, Lazaridis N, Dimitrakopoulos I, Venetis G: The
Vector of growth during mandibular distraction with intraoral
devices. 2nd International Congress on Cranial and Facial
Bone Distraction Processes. Paris June 17-19 1999. Ed
Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi Editore 1999, pp. 87-91
Καρακάσης Δ, Βένετης Γ, Δημητρακόπουλος Ι και Λαζαρίδης Ν:
Μεταβολές στη διεύθυνση του διανύσματος διάτασης του
πώρου κατά τη διατατική οστεογένεση στην κάτω γνάθο.
Ανακοίνωση στο Συνέδριο της Εταιρείας Στοματογναθοπρο-
σωπικής Χειρουργικής Αθήνα, 1999
Klein C, Howaldt HP: Mandibular distraction osteogenesis as first
step in the early treatment of severe dysgnathia in childhood.
J Orofac Orthop 57(1): 46, 1996
Klein C: Potentials and limitations of distraction osteogenesis in
the craniofacial skeleton. 2nd International Congress on
Cranial and Facial Bone Distraction Processes. Paris June
17-19 1999. Ed Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi Editore,
1999, pp. 281-289
Klein C, Papageorge M, Kovacs A, Carchidi J: Initial experience
using a new distraction implant system for alveolar ridge
augmentation. Mund Kiefer Gesiechts Chir 3(1): S75, 1999
Kunz C, Hammer B, Prein J: Manipulation of callus after linear
distraction: A lifeboat or an alternative to multivectorial
distraction osteogenesis of the mandible? Plastic Reconstr
Surg 105(2): 674, 2000
Lakes S, McNeill R, Little R: Surgical mandibular advancement
Am J Orthod 80: 376, 1980
Lello G: Skeletal open bite correction by combined Le Fort I
osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split of the ramus. J Cranio-
Max.-Fac-Surg 15: 132, 1987
Li G, Simpson AH, Kenwright J, Triffitt JT: Assessment of cell
proliferation in regenerating bone during distraction
osteogenesis at different distraction rates. J Orthop Res
15(5): 765, 1987
McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp Ν et. al.: Lengthening the
human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg
89:1, 1992
McCormick SU, McCarthy JG, Grayson BH, Staffenberg D,
McCormack SA: Effect of mandibular distraction on the
temporomandibular joint: Part II. Clinical study. J Craniofac
Surg 6: 364, 1995
Molina F, Monasterio FO: Mandibular elongation and
remodeling by distraction: A Farewell to Major Osteotomies.
Plast Reconstr Surg 96: 825, 1995
Mommaerts M, Wreakes G: Report of the «Distraction in Bruges»
meeting held under the auspices of the EACMFS. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 27: 387, 1999
Moore K, Stoelinga P, Cooris P: The contributing role of
condylar resorption to skeletal relapse following mandibular
advancement surgery. J Maxillofacial Surg 49: 448, 1991
Oda T. Sawaki Y. Fukuta K, Ueda M: Segmental mandibular
reconstruction by distraction osteogenesis under skin flaps.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27(1): 9, 1998
Polley JW. Figueroa AA: Distraction osteogenesis: Its application
in severe mandibular deformities in hemifacial microsomia. J
Craniofac Surg 8 (5): 422. 1997
Proffit W. Forssell K. Turvery T.: Superior repositioning of
maxilla combined with mandibular advancement. Am J
Ortod Dentofac Orthoph 102: 342, 1992
Rachmiel A, Laufer D. Jackson IT, Lewinson D: Midface
membranous bone lengthening: A one year histological and
morphological follow up of distraction osteogenesis. Calcif
Tissue Int 62(4): 370. 1998
Riley R, Power N. Guleminault C: Cephalometric roentgenograms
and commputerized tomographic scans in obstructive
sleep apnoea. J Sleep 9: 54, 1986
Samchukov ML. Cherkasin AM, Cope JB: Distraction
osteogenesis: History and biologic basis of new bone
formation. In: Tissue engeneering, Quintessence Pub 1999,
pp 131-142
Samchukov M, Cope JB, Harper RP, Ross JD: Biomechanical
considerations of mandibular lengthening and widening by
gradual distraction using a computer model. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 56(1): 51, 1998
Samchukov M, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM: The effect of sagittal
orientation of the distractor on the biomechanics of
mandibular lengthening. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57: 1214,
1999
Satroma K, Sinclair P, Wolford L: The stability of double jaw
surgery. Rigid versus wire fixation. Am J Orthod 99: 550,
1991
Sawaki Y, Hagino H, Yamamoto Hueda M: Trifocal distraction
osteogenesis for segmental mandibular defect: a technical
innovation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 25(6): 310, 1997
Schmacher B, Keller J, Hvid I: Distraction effects in muscle. Leg
lengthening studied in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 65(6):
647, 1994
Spiessl B: The sagittal splitting osteotomy for correction of
mandibular prognathism. Clin Plast Surg 9: 491, 1982
Stucki-McCormick SU, Winic R, Winick A: Distraction
osteogenesis for the reconstruction of the
temporomandibular joint. NY State Dent J 64(3): 36, 1998
Susami T, Takato T, Komiya TO: Stability after distraction
osteogenesis in the mandible: follow up with special attention
to the occlusal changes. 2nd International Congress on
Cranial and Facial Bone Distraction Processes. Paris June 17-19 1999. Ed Diner PA, Vasquez MP; Monduzzi Editore
1999, pp 97-100
Tatakoli Κ, Stewart KJ, Poole MD: Distraction ostoegenesis in
craniofacial surgery: a review: Ann Plastic Surg 40(1): 88,
1998
Throckmorton G, Finn R, Bell W: Biomechanics of differences in
lower facial height. Am J Orthod 77: 410, 1980
Throckmorton G, Ellis E, Sinn DP.: Functional characteristics of
retrognathic petients before and after mandibular
advancement surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53: 898, 1995
Throckmorton G, Ellis E.: Morphologic and biomechanical
correlates with maximum bite force in orthognathic surgery
patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58(5): 515, 2000
Turvey T, Phillips C, Proffit W: Simultaneous superior
repositioning of the maxilla and mandibular advacement.
Am J Orth Dentofacial Orthop 94: 372, 1988
Yonehara Y, Takato T, Harii K: Secondary lengthening of the
reconstructed mandible using a gradual distraction technique
- two case reports. Br J Plast Surg 51(5): 356, 1998
Συζήτηση αντιπαράθεσης που πραγματοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια του
14ου Συνεδρίου της Ε.Ε.Σ.Γ.Π.Χ. (Σάββατο 2 Δεκεμβρίου 2000)
1. Καθηγητής Γναθοχειρουργικής ΑΠΘ (συντονιστής)
2. Γναθοχερουργός (διατατική οστεογένεση)
3. Γναθοχερουργός (ορθογναθική χειρουργική)
Αρχεία Ελληνικής Στοματικής και Γναθοπροσωπικής Χειρουργικής 2(1): 14 - 25, 2001.
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Η συζήτηση αντιπαράθεσης περιστράφηκε σε πέντε ερωτήματα που τέθηκαν από το συντονιστή. Αυτά
αναφέρονταν: α) στις ενδείξεις και στους περιορισμούς, β) στις ιστολογικές μεταβολές που λαμβάνουν
χώρα στο οστούν και στους περιβάλλοντες ιστούς, γ) στη σταθερότητα του τελικού αποτελέσματος, δ) στο
βαθμό υποτροπής και ε) στα ειδικά χαρακτηριστικά κάθε μιας από τις δύο μεθόδους. Τα υπέρ και τα κατά
κάθε τεχνικής τονίσθηκαν από τους ομιλητές με βάση τα στοιχεία της σύγχρονης βιβλιογραφίας. Ο πλέον
σημαντικός παράγων στη διατατική οστεογένεση φαίνεται να είναι η συνεπαγόμενη διάταση των περιβαλλόντων
μαλθακών ιστών, που συμβάλλει στη σταθερότητα του τελικού αποτελέσματος στο σκελετό.
Τέλος συμπεραίνεται ότι οι κλασικές οστεοτομίες της ορθογναθικής θα συνεχίσουν να αποτελούν το
συνήθη τρόπο αντιμετώπισης των υποπλασιών των γνάθων, ενώ η διατατική οστεογένεση, όντας μια συνεχώς
εξελισσόμενη και πολλά υποσχόμενη τεχνική, θα χρησιμοποιείται περισσότερο για τις συγκεκριμένες
της ενδείξεις
Λέξεις κλειδιά: Διατατική Οστεογένεση, Ορθογναθική Χειρουργική
REFERENCES
Amett G, Tamborello J: Progressive class II development. Oral
Maxillofac Surg. Clin Ν Am 2:699, 1990
Amett G, Milam S, Gottesman L: Progressive mandibular
retrusion-idiopathic condylar resoresion. AJ Orthod Dentofac
Orthop 110:8, 1996
Ayoub A, Stirrups D, Moos K: Stability of sagittal split
advancement osteotomy: Single versus double jaw surgery.
Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 10: 181, 1995
Ayoub A, Trotman D, Strirrups J: Stability of bimaxillary
osteotomy following surgical correction of class II skeletal
deformities. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 35: 107, 1997
Bell W, Jacobs J, Quejeda J: Simultaneous repositioning of the
maxilla mandible and chin. Am J Orthod 89: 28, 1985
Bell W, Proffit W, White R: Surgical correction of dentofacial
deformities. Saunders. Philadelphia 1980, pp 230-250
Bishara S, Chu G: Comparison of posturgical stability of the Le
Fort I maxillary impaction and maxillary advancement. Am J
Orhtod Dentofac Orthop 102: 335, 1992
Bouwman J, Derstens H, Tuinzing D: Condylar resorption in
orthognathic surgery: the role of intermaxillary fixation. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78: 138, 1994.
Brammer J, Finn R, Bell W, Dana K: Stability after bimaxillary
surgery to correct vertical maxillary excess and mandibular
deficiency. J Oral Surg 38: 664, 1980
Carls F, Jacson I, Topf J: Distraction osteogenesis for lengthening
of the hard palate. Part I. A possible new treatment for
veopharyngeal incompetence. Plast Reconstr Surg 100(7):
1635, 1997
Carlson D, Ellis E: Stability and muscle adaptation after
mandibular advancement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
68: 135,1989
Codivilla A: On the means of lengthening the lower limbs. The
muscles and tissues which are shortened through deformity.
Am J Orthop Surg 2: 353, 1905
Cohen Sr, Lefaivre JF, Burstein FD: Surgical treatment of
obstructive sleep apnea in neurologically compromized
patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 99(3): 638, 1997
Corcoran J, Hubli EH, Salyer KE: Distraction Osteogenesis of
costochondral neomandibles: a clinical experience. Plastic
Rec Surg 100 (2): 311, 1997
Ellis E, Carlson D: Neuro muscular adaptation after orthognathic
surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin Ν Am 2:811, 1990
Ellis E, Mc Namara J: Components of adult class II open bite
malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43: 92, 1985
Ellis E, Throckmorton GS, Sinn DP: Bite forces before and after
surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 54: 176, 1996
Epker BN, Stella Fish L: Dentofacial Deformities. Sec. edition.
Mosby 1996, pp. 138-210
Epker B: Superior surgical repositioning of the maxilla long term
results. J Max-Fac Surg 9: 237, 1981
Fisher E, Staffenberg D, McCarthy J: Histopathologic and
biochemical changes in the muscles affected by distraction
osteogenesis of the mandible. Plastic Reconstr Surg 99(2):
366, 1997
Friedrich RE, Hellner D, Plambeck K, Schmelzle R: Application
of B-scan ultrasonography for analysis of callus distraction in
vasularized fibular grafts of the mandible: a report of three
patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55(6): 635, 1997
Freihofer HPM, Petresevic D: Late Results after advancing the
Mandible by Sagital Splitting of the Rami. J Max - Fac Surg
3: 250, 1975
Freihofer HPM: Results of Osteotomies of the Facial Skeleton in
Adolescence. J Max-Fac Surg 5: 267, 1977
Gaggl A, Schultes G, Santler G, Karher H: DISSIS-distraction
implants. A new possibility for alveolar ridge and dental
implantation in a single step technique. 2nd International
Congress on Cranial and Facial Bone Distraction Processes.
Paris June 17-19 1999. Ed Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi
Editore 1999, pp. 163-169
Gateno J, Teichgraeber J, Aguilar E: Computer planning for
distraction Osteogenesis. Plastic and Reconstr Surg 105 (3):
873, 2000
Gutbirth M, Van Sickels J, Trash W: Condylar resorption after
bicortical screw fixation of mandibular advacement. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 56: 178, 1998
Henderson D: Orthognathic Surgery. Wolfe Medical Publications
Ltd London pp 1985, 78-90
Hiranaka D, Kelly S: Stability of simultaneous orthognathic
surgery and the maxilla and mandible. Int J Adult Orthod
Orthognath Surg 2: 193, 1987
Hollinger J, Buck P, Bruder S: Tissue Engineering. Quintessence
Publishing Co 1999, pp. 17-53
Hoppenkeijs T, Freihofer H, Steogling P: Skeletal and dento
alveolar stability of Le fort I intrusion osteotomies and bimaxillary osteotomies in anterior open bite deformities. Int
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26: 161, 1997
Hoppenreijs T, Stoeling P, Grace K, Robben C: Long term
evaluation of patients with progressive condylar resorption
following orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28:
411, 1999
Ilizarov GA: Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Intraosseous
Distractive Ostheosynthesis. Moscow, 1977
Ilizarov G A: The principles of the Ilizarov method. Bull Hosp
Joint Dis 48: 1, 1988
Karakasis D, Lazaridis N, Dimitrakopoulos I, Venetis G: The
Vector of growth during mandibular distraction with intraoral
devices. 2nd International Congress on Cranial and Facial
Bone Distraction Processes. Paris June 17-19 1999. Ed
Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi Editore 1999, pp. 87-91
Καρακάσης Δ, Βένετης Γ, Δημητρακόπουλος Ι και Λαζαρίδης Ν:
Μεταβολές στη διεύθυνση του διανύσματος διάτασης του
πώρου κατά τη διατατική οστεογένεση στην κάτω γνάθο.
Ανακοίνωση στο Συνέδριο της Εταιρείας Στοματογναθοπρο-
σωπικής Χειρουργικής Αθήνα, 1999
Klein C, Howaldt HP: Mandibular distraction osteogenesis as first
step in the early treatment of severe dysgnathia in childhood.
J Orofac Orthop 57(1): 46, 1996
Klein C: Potentials and limitations of distraction osteogenesis in
the craniofacial skeleton. 2nd International Congress on
Cranial and Facial Bone Distraction Processes. Paris June
17-19 1999. Ed Diner PA, Vasquez MP, Monduzzi Editore,
1999, pp. 281-289
Klein C, Papageorge M, Kovacs A, Carchidi J: Initial experience
using a new distraction implant system for alveolar ridge
augmentation. Mund Kiefer Gesiechts Chir 3(1): S75, 1999
Kunz C, Hammer B, Prein J: Manipulation of callus after linear
distraction: A lifeboat or an alternative to multivectorial
distraction osteogenesis of the mandible? Plastic Reconstr
Surg 105(2): 674, 2000
Lakes S, McNeill R, Little R: Surgical mandibular advancement
Am J Orthod 80: 376, 1980
Lello G: Skeletal open bite correction by combined Le Fort I
osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split of the ramus. J Cranio-
Max.-Fac-Surg 15: 132, 1987
Li G, Simpson AH, Kenwright J, Triffitt JT: Assessment of cell
proliferation in regenerating bone during distraction
osteogenesis at different distraction rates. J Orthop Res
15(5): 765, 1987
McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp Ν et. al.: Lengthening the
human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg
89:1, 1992
McCormick SU, McCarthy JG, Grayson BH, Staffenberg D,
McCormack SA: Effect of mandibular distraction on the
temporomandibular joint: Part II. Clinical study. J Craniofac
Surg 6: 364, 1995
Molina F, Monasterio FO: Mandibular elongation and
remodeling by distraction: A Farewell to Major Osteotomies.
Plast Reconstr Surg 96: 825, 1995
Mommaerts M, Wreakes G: Report of the «Distraction in Bruges»
meeting held under the auspices of the EACMFS. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 27: 387, 1999
Moore K, Stoelinga P, Cooris P: The contributing role of
condylar resorption to skeletal relapse following mandibular
advancement surgery. J Maxillofacial Surg 49: 448, 1991
Oda T. Sawaki Y. Fukuta K, Ueda M: Segmental mandibular
reconstruction by distraction osteogenesis under skin flaps.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27(1): 9, 1998
Polley JW. Figueroa AA: Distraction osteogenesis: Its application
in severe mandibular deformities in hemifacial microsomia. J
Craniofac Surg 8 (5): 422. 1997
Proffit W. Forssell K. Turvery T.: Superior repositioning of
maxilla combined with mandibular advancement. Am J
Ortod Dentofac Orthoph 102: 342, 1992
Rachmiel A, Laufer D. Jackson IT, Lewinson D: Midface
membranous bone lengthening: A one year histological and
morphological follow up of distraction osteogenesis. Calcif
Tissue Int 62(4): 370. 1998
Riley R, Power N. Guleminault C: Cephalometric roentgenograms
and commputerized tomographic scans in obstructive
sleep apnoea. J Sleep 9: 54, 1986
Samchukov ML. Cherkasin AM, Cope JB: Distraction
osteogenesis: History and biologic basis of new bone
formation. In: Tissue engeneering, Quintessence Pub 1999,
pp 131-142
Samchukov M, Cope JB, Harper RP, Ross JD: Biomechanical
considerations of mandibular lengthening and widening by
gradual distraction using a computer model. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 56(1): 51, 1998
Samchukov M, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM: The effect of sagittal
orientation of the distractor on the biomechanics of
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