Το σύνδρομο Eagle και η κλινική του σημασία
Μάρα ΠΙΑΓΚΟΥ1, Σοφία ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ2, Κωνσταντίνος ΚΟΥΛΑΔΟΥΡΟΣ3,
Γιαννούλης ΠΙΑΓΚΟΣ3, Παναγιώτης ΣΚΑΝΔΑΛΑΚΗΣ4
Εργαστήριο Περιγραφικής Ανατομικής, Ιατρική Σχολή, Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών
(Διευθυντής: Kαθηγητής Π. Σκανδαλάκης)
Αρχεία Ελληνικής Στοματικής και Γναθοπροσωπικής Χειρουργικής (2009) 3, 133-143
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ: Το σύνδρομο Eagle είναι η κλινική έκφραση της επιμήκυνσης της βελονοειδούς από-
φυσης ή της ενασβεστίωσης ή οστεοποίησης του βελονοϋοειδούς ή βελονογναθικού συνδέσμου. Ο
Watt Eagle περιέγραψε το σύνδρομο για πρώτη φορά το 1937 και το διαχώρισε σε δύο τύπους: το
κλασσικό σύνδρομο και το σύνδρομο της βελονοειδούς απόφυσης – καρωτίδας αρτηρίας. Αρκετές
θεωρίες προτάθηκαν σχετικά με την αιτιοπαθογένεια του συνδρόμου ενώ η συμπτωματολογία του
ποικίλει ανάλογα με τον υποκείμενο παθογενετικό μηχανισμό και τις ανατομικές δομές που συμπιέ-
ζονται ή ερεθίζονται από τη βελονοειδή απόφυση. Τα συμπτώματα κυμαίνονται από πόνο στην τρα-
χηλοπροσωπική περιοχή μέχρι και παρεγκεφαλιδική ισχαιμία. Η διάγνωση επιβεβαιώνεται με τα ακτι-
νογραφικά ευρήματα. Η θεραπεία είναι πρωταρχικά χειρουργική, αλλά έχουν επίσης χρησιμοποιη-
θεί και κάποιοι τύποι συντηρητικής θεραπείας. Η τρέχουσα βιβλιογραφία σχετικά με το σύνδρομο
ανασκοπείται και τονίζεται η συχνότητα και η κλινική του σημασία.
ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Oστεοποίηση, Σύνδεσμος, Βελονοειδής απόφυση, Σύνδρομο
REFERENCES
Andrade MG, Marchionni AM, Rebello IC, Martinez M,
Flores PS, Reis SR: Three- dimensional identification of
vascular compression in Eagle’s syndrome using
computed tomography: case report. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg 66: 169-176, 2008.
Aral IL, Karaka I, Güngör N: Eagle’s syndrome masquerading
a pain of dental origin. Case report. Aust Dent
J 42:18-19, 1997.
Baddour HM, McNear JT, Tilson HB: Eagle’s syndrome.
Report of a case. J Oral Surg 46: 486-494, 1978.
Balbuena LJ, Hayes D, Ramirez SG, Jonson R: Eagle’s
Syndrome (Elongated Styloid Process). South Med J
90: 331-334, 1997.
Bartoloni JA, Charlton DG: Stylohyoid syndrome: a case
report. Gen Dent 49: 512-515, 2001.
Baugh RF, Stocks RM: Eagle’s syndrome: a reappraisal. Ear
Nose Throat J. 72: 341-344, 1993.
Bozkir MG, Boga H, Dere F: The evaluation of Elongated
Styloid Process in Panoramic Radiographs in Edentulous
patients. Tr J Medical Sciences 29: 481-485, 1999.
Buono U, Mangone GM, Michelotti A, Longo F,Califano L:
Surgical Approach to the Stylohyoid Process in Eagle’s
Syndrome. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 63: 714-716, 2005.
Camarda AJ, Deschamps C, Forest D: Stylohyoid chain
ossification: A discussion of etiology. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol 67: 508-514, 1989.
Carro LP, Nunez MP: Fracture of the styloid process of the
temporal bone. A case report. Int Orthop 19: 359-
360, 1995.
Casale M, Rinaldi V, Quattrocchi C, Bressi F, Vincenzi B,
Santini D, Tomini G, Salvinelli F: Atypical chronic head
and neck pain: don’t forget Eagle’s syndrome. Eur Rev
Med Pharmacol Sci 12:131-133, 2008.
Cernea CR, Hojaij FC, De Carluzzi D Jr., Plopper C,
Vanderley F, Guerreiro CAM, Viana MSVP: First-Bite
Syndrome After Resection of the Styloid Process.
Laryngoscope 117:181–182, 2007.
Ceylan A, Koybasioglu A, Celenk F, Yilmaz O, Uslu S:
Surgical treatment of elongated styloid process: experience
of 61 cases. Skull Base 18: 289-295, 2008.
Chandler JR: Anatomical variations of the stylohyoid
complex and their clinical significance. Laryngoscope
87:1692- 1701, 1977.
Chase DC, Zarmen A, Bigelow WC, McCoy JM: Eagle’s
syndrome: A comparison of intraoral versus extraoral
surgical approaches. Oral Surg 62:625-629, 1986.
Correll RW, Jensen JL, Taylor JB, Phyne RR: Mineralization
of the stylohyoid – stylomandibular ligament complex:
A radiographic incidence study. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol 48: 286-291, 1979.
De Souza Carvalho AC, Magro Filho O, Garcia IR Jr, de
Holanda ME, de Menezes JM Jr: Intraoral approach for
surgical treatment of Eagle syndrome. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 47 :153-154, 2009.
Eagle WW: Elongated styloid process. Arch Otolaryngol
25: 584-587, 1937.
Eagle WW: Elongated styloid process: symptoms and
treatment. Arch Otolaryngol 64:172-176, 1958.
Eagle WW: Symptomatic elongated styloid process:
Report of 2 cases of styloid process-carotid artery
syndrome with operation. Arch Otolarylgol 49: 490-
503, 1949.
Ettinger RL, Hanson JG: The styloid or “Eagle” syndrome:
an unexpected consequence. Oral Surg 40:336–340,
1975.
Farhat HI, Elhammady MS, Ziayee H, Aziz – Sultan MA,
Heros RC: Eagle syndrome as a cause of transient
ischemic attacks. J Neurosurg :1-4, 2008.
Feldman VB: syndrome: a case of symptomatic calcification of the stylohyoid ligaments. J Can Chiropr Assoc 47:
21-27, 2003.
Fini G, Gasparini G, Filippini F, Becelli R, Marcotullio D: The
long styloid process syndrome or Eagle’s syndrome. J
Craniomaxillofac Surg 28: 123-127, 2000.
Gaul C, Kriwalsky MS, Maurer P, Schubert J, Amaya B,
Kornhuber ME: Eagle's syndrome: a rare cause of facial
pain and difficulties in swallowing. Nervenarzt 77:478-
480, 2006.
Ghosh LM, Dubey SP: The syndrome of elongated styloid
process. Auris Nasus Larynx 26: 169-175, 1999.
Gokce C, Sisman Y, Sipahioglu M: Styloid Process
Elongation or Eagle’s Syndrome: Is there any role for
ectopic calcification? Eur J Dent 2: 224-228, 2008.
Gonzales Salceda T: Styloid apophisys syndrome. Presentation
of a case: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 10:
153–160, 1983.
Gozil R, Yener N, Calguner E, Arac M, Tunc E, Bahcecioglu
M: Morphological characteristics of styloid process
evaluated by computerized axial tomography. Ann
Anat 183: 527-535, 2001.
Guo B, Jaovisidha S, Saptoris DJ, Kyung Nam Ryu,
Berthiaume MJ, Clopton P, Brossman J, Resnick D:
Correlation between ossification of the stylohyoid
ligament and osteophytes of the cervical spine. Journal
of rheumatology 24: 1575-1581, 1997.
Har-El G, Weisboard A, Sidi J: Ossified segments of the
stylohyoid ligament. A case of radiological misdiagnosis.
J Laryngol Otol 101:516-518, 1987.
Harma R: Stylalgia: clinical experience of 52 cases. Acta
Otolaryngol (Stockh) 224: 149-155, 1967.
Hernandez JL, Velasco J: Neurological picture. Elongated
styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) as a cause of atypical
craniocervical pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
79: 43, 2008.
Ilgüy M, Ilgüy D, Güler N, Bayirli G: Incidence of the Type
and Calcification Patterns in Patients with Elongated
Styloid Process. J Intern Med Res 33: 96-102, 2005.
Jackson FE: Hemicrania secondary to elongated styloid
process “the Eagle Syndrome”. Dis Nerv Syst 35: 528-
531, 1974.
Jan A: Stylohyoid syndrome (letter) JPMA 39:23, 1989.
Karam C, Koussa S: Eagle’s syndrome: the role of CT scan
with 3D reconstructions. J Neuroradiol 34: 344-345,
2007
Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF: Styloid process variation.
Radiologic and clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol 91:
460-463, 1970
Kay DJ, Har – El G, Lucente FE: A Complete Stylohyoid
Bone with a stylohyoid joint. Am J Otolaryngol 22:
358- 361, 2001.
Koebke J: Compression of the external carotid artery. An
anatomical finding to Eagle’s syndrome. Laryngol
Rhinol Otol (Stuttq) 55: 913-917, 1976.
Lavine MD, Stoopack JC, Jerrold TL: Calcification of the
styloid ligament. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 25:
55-58, 1968.
Liu SH, Wang Y, Zhang RH, Liu SY, Peng HH: Diagnosis
and treatment of 23 cases with stylohyoid syndrome.
Shangai Kai Qiang Yi Xue 14: 223-226, 2005.
Montalbetti L, Ferrandi D, Pergami P, Savoldi F: Elongated
styloid process and Eagle’s syndrome. Cephalalgia 15:
80-93, 1995.
Murthy PS, Bazarika P, Mathat M, Kumar A, Kamath MP:
Elongated styloid process, an overview. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 19: 230, 1990.
Nayak DR, Pujary K, Aggarwal M, Punnoose SE, Chaly VA:
Role of three-dimensional computed tomography
reconstruction in the management of elongated styloid
process: a preliminary study. J Laryngol Otol 121: 349-
353, 2007.
Okabe S, Morimoto Y, Ansai T, Yamada K, Tanaka T, Awano
S, Kito S, Takata Y, Takehara T, Ohba T: Clinical
significance and variation of the advanced calcified
stylohyoid complex detected by panoramic radiographs
among 80-year-old subjects. Dentomaxillofac
Radiol 35:191-199, 2006.
Onbas O, Kantarci M, Murat Karasen R, Durur I, Cinar
Basekim C, Alper F, Okur A: Angulation, length, and
morphology of the styloid process of the temporal
bone analyzed by multidetector computed tomography.
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Palesy P, Murray GM, De Boever J, Klineberg I: The
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2000.
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6:441–461, 1995.
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Styloid syndrome: a review of literature. Srp Arh Celok
Lek 136: 667, 2008.
Prasad KC, Kamath MP, Reddy KJM, Raju K, Agarwal S:
Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): A
clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:171-175, 2002
Quereshy FA, Gold ES, Arnold J, Powers P: Eagle’s
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Otolaryngol 19: 316-321, 1998.
Rizzatti-Barbosa CM, Ribeiro MC, Silva-Concilio LR, Di
Hipolito O, Ambrosano GM: Is an elongated stylohyoid
process prevalent in the elderly? A radiographic
study in a Brazilian population. Gerontology 22:112-
115, 2005.
Rogers K, Chang H: Eagle’s Syndrome: A case report.
Columbia Dental Review. 11: 12-14, 2007.
Ruwanpura PR, Abeyquasekera AM, Tikiri GK: Sudden
unexpected death probably due to Eagle’s syndrome:
a case report. Med Sci Law 48: 350-353, 2008.
Salamone FN, Falciglia M, Stewart DL: Eagle’s syndrome
reconsidered as a cervical manifestation of heterotopic
ossification: Woman presenting with a neck mass.
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503, 2004.
Sandev S, Sokler K: Styloid Process Syndrome. Acta Stomat
Croat 34: 451-456, 2000.
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207-210, 1988.
Siessere S, Vitti M, de Sousa LG, Semprini M, Watanabe
PC, Hallak JE, Regalo SC: Changes in masticatory
muscles activity associated with Eagle’s syndrome.
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Slavin, KV: Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. Seminars in
Neurosurgery 15:71-80, 2004.
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1969.
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cause of pharyngeal complaints. Hippocrates 36:
962–963, 1965.
Steinmann EP: A new light on the pathogenesis of the styloid
syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol 91: 171-174, 1970.
Strauss M, Zohar Y, Haurian N: Elongated styloid process
syndrome: intraoral versus external approach for styloid
surgery. Laryngoscope 95:976-979, 1985.
Sundmaker WH: Eagle's syndrome: an atypical cause of
dysphonia. Ear Nose Throat J. 68:561, 1989.
Takada Y, Ishikura R, Ando K, Morikawa T, Nakao N:
Imaging findings of elongated styloid process syndrome
(Eagle's syndrome): report of two cases. Nippon
Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 63:56-58, 2003.
Unlu Z, Orguc S, Eskiizmir G, Aslan A, Bayindir P: Elongated
Styloid Process and Cervical Spondylosis. Clinical
Medicine Case Reports Ι: 57-64, 2008.
Vairaktaris E, Seferiadou T, RagosV, Semergidis T, Vassiliou
S: Eagle’s syndrome masked by TMJ pathosis: Report
of 2 cases. Testa e del Colo 11, 69-75, 1994.
Van der Westhuijzen AJ, Van der Merwe, Grotepass FW:
Eagle’s syndrome: lesser cornu amputation: an alternative
surgical solution? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28:
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Weidenbecher M, Schick B, Iro H: Styloid syndrome and
its treatment. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 85:184-190,
2006.
Woolery WA: The diagnostic challenge of styloid elongation
(Eagle's syndrome). J Am Osteopath Assoc 90:
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Yadav SP, Chanda R, Gera A, Yadav RK: Stylalgia: an Indian
perspective. J Otolaryngol 30: 304-306, 2001.
Yavuz H, Caylakli F, Yildirim T, Ozluoglu LN: Angulation of
the styloid process in Eagle's syndrome.Eur Arch
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Γιαννούλης ΠΙΑΓΚΟΣ3, Παναγιώτης ΣΚΑΝΔΑΛΑΚΗΣ4
Εργαστήριο Περιγραφικής Ανατομικής, Ιατρική Σχολή, Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών
(Διευθυντής: Kαθηγητής Π. Σκανδαλάκης)
Αρχεία Ελληνικής Στοματικής και Γναθοπροσωπικής Χειρουργικής (2009) 3, 133-143
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ: Το σύνδρομο Eagle είναι η κλινική έκφραση της επιμήκυνσης της βελονοειδούς από-
φυσης ή της ενασβεστίωσης ή οστεοποίησης του βελονοϋοειδούς ή βελονογναθικού συνδέσμου. Ο
Watt Eagle περιέγραψε το σύνδρομο για πρώτη φορά το 1937 και το διαχώρισε σε δύο τύπους: το
κλασσικό σύνδρομο και το σύνδρομο της βελονοειδούς απόφυσης – καρωτίδας αρτηρίας. Αρκετές
θεωρίες προτάθηκαν σχετικά με την αιτιοπαθογένεια του συνδρόμου ενώ η συμπτωματολογία του
ποικίλει ανάλογα με τον υποκείμενο παθογενετικό μηχανισμό και τις ανατομικές δομές που συμπιέ-
ζονται ή ερεθίζονται από τη βελονοειδή απόφυση. Τα συμπτώματα κυμαίνονται από πόνο στην τρα-
χηλοπροσωπική περιοχή μέχρι και παρεγκεφαλιδική ισχαιμία. Η διάγνωση επιβεβαιώνεται με τα ακτι-
νογραφικά ευρήματα. Η θεραπεία είναι πρωταρχικά χειρουργική, αλλά έχουν επίσης χρησιμοποιη-
θεί και κάποιοι τύποι συντηρητικής θεραπείας. Η τρέχουσα βιβλιογραφία σχετικά με το σύνδρομο
ανασκοπείται και τονίζεται η συχνότητα και η κλινική του σημασία.
ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Oστεοποίηση, Σύνδεσμος, Βελονοειδής απόφυση, Σύνδρομο
REFERENCES
Andrade MG, Marchionni AM, Rebello IC, Martinez M,
Flores PS, Reis SR: Three- dimensional identification of
vascular compression in Eagle’s syndrome using
computed tomography: case report. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg 66: 169-176, 2008.
Aral IL, Karaka I, Güngör N: Eagle’s syndrome masquerading
a pain of dental origin. Case report. Aust Dent
J 42:18-19, 1997.
Baddour HM, McNear JT, Tilson HB: Eagle’s syndrome.
Report of a case. J Oral Surg 46: 486-494, 1978.
Balbuena LJ, Hayes D, Ramirez SG, Jonson R: Eagle’s
Syndrome (Elongated Styloid Process). South Med J
90: 331-334, 1997.
Bartoloni JA, Charlton DG: Stylohyoid syndrome: a case
report. Gen Dent 49: 512-515, 2001.
Baugh RF, Stocks RM: Eagle’s syndrome: a reappraisal. Ear
Nose Throat J. 72: 341-344, 1993.
Bozkir MG, Boga H, Dere F: The evaluation of Elongated
Styloid Process in Panoramic Radiographs in Edentulous
patients. Tr J Medical Sciences 29: 481-485, 1999.
Buono U, Mangone GM, Michelotti A, Longo F,Califano L:
Surgical Approach to the Stylohyoid Process in Eagle’s
Syndrome. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 63: 714-716, 2005.
Camarda AJ, Deschamps C, Forest D: Stylohyoid chain
ossification: A discussion of etiology. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol 67: 508-514, 1989.
Carro LP, Nunez MP: Fracture of the styloid process of the
temporal bone. A case report. Int Orthop 19: 359-
360, 1995.
Casale M, Rinaldi V, Quattrocchi C, Bressi F, Vincenzi B,
Santini D, Tomini G, Salvinelli F: Atypical chronic head
and neck pain: don’t forget Eagle’s syndrome. Eur Rev
Med Pharmacol Sci 12:131-133, 2008.
Cernea CR, Hojaij FC, De Carluzzi D Jr., Plopper C,
Vanderley F, Guerreiro CAM, Viana MSVP: First-Bite
Syndrome After Resection of the Styloid Process.
Laryngoscope 117:181–182, 2007.
Ceylan A, Koybasioglu A, Celenk F, Yilmaz O, Uslu S:
Surgical treatment of elongated styloid process: experience
of 61 cases. Skull Base 18: 289-295, 2008.
Chandler JR: Anatomical variations of the stylohyoid
complex and their clinical significance. Laryngoscope
87:1692- 1701, 1977.
Chase DC, Zarmen A, Bigelow WC, McCoy JM: Eagle’s
syndrome: A comparison of intraoral versus extraoral
surgical approaches. Oral Surg 62:625-629, 1986.
Correll RW, Jensen JL, Taylor JB, Phyne RR: Mineralization
of the stylohyoid – stylomandibular ligament complex:
A radiographic incidence study. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol 48: 286-291, 1979.
De Souza Carvalho AC, Magro Filho O, Garcia IR Jr, de
Holanda ME, de Menezes JM Jr: Intraoral approach for
surgical treatment of Eagle syndrome. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 47 :153-154, 2009.
Eagle WW: Elongated styloid process. Arch Otolaryngol
25: 584-587, 1937.
Eagle WW: Elongated styloid process: symptoms and
treatment. Arch Otolaryngol 64:172-176, 1958.
Eagle WW: Symptomatic elongated styloid process:
Report of 2 cases of styloid process-carotid artery
syndrome with operation. Arch Otolarylgol 49: 490-
503, 1949.
Ettinger RL, Hanson JG: The styloid or “Eagle” syndrome:
an unexpected consequence. Oral Surg 40:336–340,
1975.
Farhat HI, Elhammady MS, Ziayee H, Aziz – Sultan MA,
Heros RC: Eagle syndrome as a cause of transient
ischemic attacks. J Neurosurg :1-4, 2008.
Feldman VB: syndrome: a case of symptomatic calcification of the stylohyoid ligaments. J Can Chiropr Assoc 47:
21-27, 2003.
Fini G, Gasparini G, Filippini F, Becelli R, Marcotullio D: The
long styloid process syndrome or Eagle’s syndrome. J
Craniomaxillofac Surg 28: 123-127, 2000.
Gaul C, Kriwalsky MS, Maurer P, Schubert J, Amaya B,
Kornhuber ME: Eagle's syndrome: a rare cause of facial
pain and difficulties in swallowing. Nervenarzt 77:478-
480, 2006.
Ghosh LM, Dubey SP: The syndrome of elongated styloid
process. Auris Nasus Larynx 26: 169-175, 1999.
Gokce C, Sisman Y, Sipahioglu M: Styloid Process
Elongation or Eagle’s Syndrome: Is there any role for
ectopic calcification? Eur J Dent 2: 224-228, 2008.
Gonzales Salceda T: Styloid apophisys syndrome. Presentation
of a case: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 10:
153–160, 1983.
Gozil R, Yener N, Calguner E, Arac M, Tunc E, Bahcecioglu
M: Morphological characteristics of styloid process
evaluated by computerized axial tomography. Ann
Anat 183: 527-535, 2001.
Guo B, Jaovisidha S, Saptoris DJ, Kyung Nam Ryu,
Berthiaume MJ, Clopton P, Brossman J, Resnick D:
Correlation between ossification of the stylohyoid
ligament and osteophytes of the cervical spine. Journal
of rheumatology 24: 1575-1581, 1997.
Har-El G, Weisboard A, Sidi J: Ossified segments of the
stylohyoid ligament. A case of radiological misdiagnosis.
J Laryngol Otol 101:516-518, 1987.
Harma R: Stylalgia: clinical experience of 52 cases. Acta
Otolaryngol (Stockh) 224: 149-155, 1967.
Hernandez JL, Velasco J: Neurological picture. Elongated
styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) as a cause of atypical
craniocervical pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
79: 43, 2008.
Ilgüy M, Ilgüy D, Güler N, Bayirli G: Incidence of the Type
and Calcification Patterns in Patients with Elongated
Styloid Process. J Intern Med Res 33: 96-102, 2005.
Jackson FE: Hemicrania secondary to elongated styloid
process “the Eagle Syndrome”. Dis Nerv Syst 35: 528-
531, 1974.
Jan A: Stylohyoid syndrome (letter) JPMA 39:23, 1989.
Karam C, Koussa S: Eagle’s syndrome: the role of CT scan
with 3D reconstructions. J Neuroradiol 34: 344-345,
2007
Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF: Styloid process variation.
Radiologic and clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol 91:
460-463, 1970
Kay DJ, Har – El G, Lucente FE: A Complete Stylohyoid
Bone with a stylohyoid joint. Am J Otolaryngol 22:
358- 361, 2001.
Koebke J: Compression of the external carotid artery. An
anatomical finding to Eagle’s syndrome. Laryngol
Rhinol Otol (Stuttq) 55: 913-917, 1976.
Lavine MD, Stoopack JC, Jerrold TL: Calcification of the
styloid ligament. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 25:
55-58, 1968.
Liu SH, Wang Y, Zhang RH, Liu SY, Peng HH: Diagnosis
and treatment of 23 cases with stylohyoid syndrome.
Shangai Kai Qiang Yi Xue 14: 223-226, 2005.
Montalbetti L, Ferrandi D, Pergami P, Savoldi F: Elongated
styloid process and Eagle’s syndrome. Cephalalgia 15:
80-93, 1995.
Murthy PS, Bazarika P, Mathat M, Kumar A, Kamath MP:
Elongated styloid process, an overview. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 19: 230, 1990.
Nayak DR, Pujary K, Aggarwal M, Punnoose SE, Chaly VA:
Role of three-dimensional computed tomography
reconstruction in the management of elongated styloid
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