Recent advances in orthognathic surgery and modern diagnostic techniques
Nikolaos Kolomvos, Anna-Maria Chronopoulou, Christos Perisanidis
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Head: Professor C. Perisanidis)
DOI: 10.54936/haoms251516
Abstract:
New technological tools are increasingly being applied in orthognathic surgery. Advanced techniques of imaging, diagnosis and treatment planning development, as well as simulation, guidance and evaluation of the treatment outcome are gradually taking the place of conventional techniques, enabling three-dimensional (3D) digital planning and personalized treatment of craniofacial deformities. Conventional and advanced three-dimensional techniques, such as three-dimensional ultrasound imaging (3D U/S), three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3T-MRI), three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, as well as combinations of these techniques, are classified as modern technological tools, while robotic surgery and four-dimensional video stereophotogrammetry have already begun to find clinical application. In conclusion, advances in diagnostic and planning techniques in orthognathic surgery present many preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative advantages, significantly reducing the chances of complications and providing safety, accuracy and a high level of medical care.
The aim of this literature review is to collect, present and evaluate new data and contemporary diagnostic methods in the field of orthognathic surgery.
KEY WORDS: Orthognathic surgery; Diagnosis, Three-dimensional imaging, Digital surgical planning, Three-dimensional printing, Computer-aided techniques, Evaluation
REFERENCES
1. Bahmanyar S, Namin AW, Weiss RO 2nd, Vincent AG, Read-Fuller AM, Reddy LV. Orthognathic Surgery of the Mandible. Facial Plast Surg. 2021 Dec;37(6):716-721. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1735309. Epub 2021 Sep 29. PMID: 34587642.
2. Zammit D, Ettinger RE, Sanati-Mehrizy P, Susarla SM. Current Trends in Orthognathic Surgery. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Nov 30;59(12):2100. doi: 10.3390/medicina59122100. PMID: 38138203; PMCID: PMC10744503.
3. Tabchi Y, Zaoui F, Bahoum A. Accuracy of hard and soft tissue prediction using three-dimensional simulation software in bimaxillary osteotomies: A systematic review. Int Orthod. 2023 Dec;21(4):100802. doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100802. Epub 2023 Jul 25. PMID: 37499444.
4. Baan F, van Meggelen EM, Verhulst AC, Bruggink R, Xi T, Maal TJJ. Virtual occlusion in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021 Sep;50(9):1219-1225. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.006. Epub 2020 Dec 25. PMID: 33358521.
5. Starch-Jensen T, Hernández-Alfaro F, Kesmez Ö, Gorgis R, Valls-Ontañón A. Accuracy of Orthognathic Surgical Planning using Three-dimensional Virtual Techniques compared with Conventional Two-dimensional Techniques: a Systematic Review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2023 Mar 31;14(1):e1. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2023.14101. PMID: 37180406; PMCID: PMC10170664.
6. Alkhayer A, Piffkó J, Lippold C, Segatto E. Accuracy of virtual planning in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Head Face Med. 2020 Dec 4;16(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s13005-020-00250-2. PMID: 33272289; PMCID: PMC7716456.
7. Cao RK, Li LS, Cao YJ. Application of three-dimensional technology in orthognathic surgery: a narrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Nov;26(21):7858-7865. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202211_30137. PMID: 36394734.
8. Ritto FG, Schmitt ARM, Pimentel T, Canellas JV, Medeiros PJ. Comparison of the accuracy of maxillary position between conventional model surgery and virtual surgical planning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Feb;47(2):160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.08.012. Epub 2017 Sep 23. PMID: 28950997.
9. Pandian SM, Gandedkar NH, kumar Palani S, Kim YJ, Adel SM. An integrated 3D-driven protocol for surgery first orthognathic approach (SFOA) using virtual surgical planning (VSP). InSeminars in Orthodontics 2022 Dec 1 (Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 320-333). WB Saunders.
10. Thawri SR, Paul P, Reche A, Rathi HP. 3D Technology Used for Precision in Orthodontics. Cureus. 2023 Oct 17;15(10):e47170. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47170. PMID: 38022318; PMCID: PMC10652056.
11. Erten O, Yılmaz BN. Three-Dimensional Imaging in Orthodontics. Turk J Orthod. 2018 Sep;31(3):86-94. doi: 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2018.17041. Epub 2018 Apr 11. PMID: 30206567; PMCID: PMC6124883.
12. Lin HH, Lonic D, Lo LJ. 3D printing in orthognathic surgery - A literature review. J Formos Med Assoc. 2018 Jul;117(7):547-558. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 3. PMID: 29398097.
13. Pittayapat P, Limchaichana-Bolstad N, Willems G, Jacobs R. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis in orthodontics: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014 May;17(2):69-91. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12034. Epub 2013 Dec 22. PMID: 24373559.
14. Lo LJ, Lin HH. Applications of three-dimensional imaging techniques in craniomaxillofacial surgery: A literature review. Biomed J. 2023 Aug;46(4):100615. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100615. Epub 2023 Jun 19. PMID: 37343928; PMCID: PMC10339193.
15. Devanna R. Two-dimensional to three-dimensional: a new three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography cephalometric analysis. J Orthod Res 2015;3:30e7.
16. Udomlarptham N, Lin CH, Wang YC, Ko EW. Does two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional surgical simulation produce better surgical outcomes among patients with class III facial asymmetry? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Aug;47(8):1022-1031. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.02.014. Epub 2018 Mar 30. PMID: 29606563.
17. Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Arsiwala L, Lee JH, Elhennawy K, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Demarco F, Krois J. Deep learning for cephalometric landmark detection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Jul;25(7):4299-4309. doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-03990-w. Epub 2021 May 27. PMID: 34046742; PMCID: PMC8310492.
18. STEPHEN A, SCHENDEL SA ,JACOBSON R : Three-Dimensional Imaging and Computer Simulation For Office-Based Surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009, 67:2107-2114
19. Hou X, Xu X, Zhao M, Kong J, Wang M, Lee ES, Jia Q, Jiang HB. An overview of three-dimensional imaging devices in dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2022 Dec;34(8):1179-1196. doi: 10.1111/jerd.12955. Epub 2022 Aug 15. PMID: 35968802.
20. Mozaffari MH, Lee WS. Freehand 3-D Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017 Oct;43(10):2099-2124. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.06.009. Epub 2017 Jul 14. PMID: 28716431.
21. Alhabshi MO, Aldhohayan H, BaEissa OS, Al Shehri MS, Alotaibi NM, Almubarak SK, Al Ahmari AA, Khan HA, Alowaimer HA. Role of Three-Dimensional Printing in Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Oct 30;15(10):e47979. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47979. PMID: 38034130; PMCID: PMC10686238.
22. Maspero C, Abate A, Bellincioni F, Cavagnetto D, Lanteri V, Costa A, Farronato M. Comparison of a tridimensional cephalometric analysis performed on 3T-MRI compared with CBCT: a pilot study in adults. Prog Orthod. 2019 Oct 21;20(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40510-019-0293-x. PMID: 31631241; PMCID: PMC6801285.
23. Lechuga L, Weidlich GA. Cone Beam CT vs. Fan Beam CT: A Comparison of Image Quality and Dose Delivered Between Two Differing CT Imaging Modalities. Cureus. 2016 Sep 12;8(9):e778. doi: 10.7759/cureus.778. PMID: 27752404; PMCID: PMC5063198.
24. TROULIS MJ, EVERETT P, SELDIN EB, KIKINIS R, KABAN LB : Development of a three-dimensional treatment planning system based on computed tomographic data, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002, 31: 349–357
25. Dalessandri D, Laffranchi L, Tonni I, Zotti F, Piancino MG, Paganelli C, Bracco P. Advantages of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the orthodontic treatment planning of cleidocranial dysplasia patients: a case report. Head Face Med. 2011 Feb 27;7:6. doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-7-6. PMID: 21352577; PMCID: PMC3053235.
26. BIANCHI A, MUYLDERMANS L, DI MARTINO M, LANCELLOTTI L, AMADORI S, SARTI A : Facial Soft Tissue Esthetic Predictions: Validation In Craniomaxillofacial Surgery With Cone Beam Computed Tomography Data, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010,68:1471-1479
27. Lin HH, Lo LJ. Three-dimensional computer-assisted surgical simulation and intraoperative navigation in orthognathic surgery: a literature review. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015 Apr;114(4):300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.017. Epub 2015 Mar 3. PMID: 25744942.
28. Alkaabi S, Maningky M, Helder MN, Alsabri G. Virtual and traditional surgical planning in orthognathic surgery - systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022 Nov;60(9):1184-1191. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2022.07.007. Epub 2022 Jul 29. PMID: 36030091.
29. Karwowska NN, Baron M, Stern-Buchbinder Z, Buchbinder D. Computer-assisted planning and patient-specific plates in orthognathic surgery: a global study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2023 Dec;136(6):673-680. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.05.011. Epub 2023 May 21. PMID: 37612163.
30. Bouletreau P, Makaremi M, Ibrahim B, Louvrier A, Sigaux N. Artificial Intelligence: Applications in orthognathic surgery. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Sep;120(4):347-354. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.06.001. Epub 2019 Jun 26. PMID: 31254637.
31. Pascal E, Majoufre C, Bondaz M, Courtemanche A, Berger M, Bouletreau P. Current status of surgical planning and transfer methods in orthognathic surgery. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Jun;119(3):245-248. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 22. PMID: 29476926.
32. Hallac RR, Feng J, Kane AA, Seaward JR. Dynamic facial asymmetry in patients with repaired cleft lip using 4D imaging (video stereophotogrammetry). J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;45(1):8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.11.005. Epub 2016 Nov 17. PMID: 28011182.
33. Van den Bempt M, Liebregts J, Maal T, Bergé S, Xi T. Toward a higher accuracy in orthognathic surgery by using intraoperative computer navigation, 3D surgical guides, and/or customized osteosynthesis plates: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018 Dec;46(12):2108-2119. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.10.012. Epub 2018 Oct 21. PMID: 30420150.
34. Ambroise B, Benateau H, Prevost R, Traore H, Hauchard K, Dia H, Veyssière A. The contribution of telemedicine to humanitarian surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018 Aug;46(8):1368-1372. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.05.037. Epub 2018 May 21. PMID: 29884315.
35. Robiony M, Bocin E, Sembronio S, Costa F, Bresadola V, Tel A. Redesigning the Paradigms of Clinical Practice for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the Era of Lockdown for COVID-19: From Tradition to Telesemeiology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 11;17(18):6622. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186622. PMID: 32932911; PMCID: PMC7557395.
36. Han JJ, Woo SY, Yi WJ, Hwang SJ. Robot-Assisted Maxillary Positioning in Orthognathic Surgery: A Feasibility and Accuracy Evaluation. J Clin Med. 2021 Jun 11;10(12):2596. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122596. PMID: 34208399; PMCID: PMC8231103.
37. Wu J, Hui W, Huang J, Luan N, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S. The Feasibility of Robot-Assisted Chin Osteotomy on Skull Models: Comparison with Surgical Guides Technique. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov 17;11(22):6807. doi: 10.3390/jcm11226807. PMID: 36431284; PMCID: PMC9696640.
38. Ho CT, Lai HC, Lin HH, Denadai R, Lo LJ. Outcome of full digital workflow for orthognathic surgery planning in the treatment of asymmetric skeletal class III deformity. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021 Dec;120(12):2100-2112. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.05.014. Epub 2021 Jun 3. PMID: 34092467.
39. Antonini F, Borba AM, Pagnoncelli RM, Han M, Markiewicz MR, Miloro M. Does a learning curve exist for accuracy in three-dimensional planning for maxillary positioning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jun;49(6):787-793. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.10.005. Epub 2019 Nov 7. PMID: 31706714.
40. Van Hemelen G, Van Genechten M, Renier L, Desmedt M, Verbruggen E, Nadjmi N. Three-dimensional virtual planning in orthognathic surgery enhances the accuracy of soft tissue prediction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jul;43(6):918-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.006. Epub 2015 Apr 30. PMID: 26027866.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (Head: Professor C. Perisanidis)
DOI: 10.54936/haoms251516
Abstract:
New technological tools are increasingly being applied in orthognathic surgery. Advanced techniques of imaging, diagnosis and treatment planning development, as well as simulation, guidance and evaluation of the treatment outcome are gradually taking the place of conventional techniques, enabling three-dimensional (3D) digital planning and personalized treatment of craniofacial deformities. Conventional and advanced three-dimensional techniques, such as three-dimensional ultrasound imaging (3D U/S), three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3T-MRI), three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, as well as combinations of these techniques, are classified as modern technological tools, while robotic surgery and four-dimensional video stereophotogrammetry have already begun to find clinical application. In conclusion, advances in diagnostic and planning techniques in orthognathic surgery present many preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative advantages, significantly reducing the chances of complications and providing safety, accuracy and a high level of medical care.
The aim of this literature review is to collect, present and evaluate new data and contemporary diagnostic methods in the field of orthognathic surgery.
KEY WORDS: Orthognathic surgery; Diagnosis, Three-dimensional imaging, Digital surgical planning, Three-dimensional printing, Computer-aided techniques, Evaluation
REFERENCES
1. Bahmanyar S, Namin AW, Weiss RO 2nd, Vincent AG, Read-Fuller AM, Reddy LV. Orthognathic Surgery of the Mandible. Facial Plast Surg. 2021 Dec;37(6):716-721. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1735309. Epub 2021 Sep 29. PMID: 34587642.
2. Zammit D, Ettinger RE, Sanati-Mehrizy P, Susarla SM. Current Trends in Orthognathic Surgery. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Nov 30;59(12):2100. doi: 10.3390/medicina59122100. PMID: 38138203; PMCID: PMC10744503.
3. Tabchi Y, Zaoui F, Bahoum A. Accuracy of hard and soft tissue prediction using three-dimensional simulation software in bimaxillary osteotomies: A systematic review. Int Orthod. 2023 Dec;21(4):100802. doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100802. Epub 2023 Jul 25. PMID: 37499444.
4. Baan F, van Meggelen EM, Verhulst AC, Bruggink R, Xi T, Maal TJJ. Virtual occlusion in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021 Sep;50(9):1219-1225. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.006. Epub 2020 Dec 25. PMID: 33358521.
5. Starch-Jensen T, Hernández-Alfaro F, Kesmez Ö, Gorgis R, Valls-Ontañón A. Accuracy of Orthognathic Surgical Planning using Three-dimensional Virtual Techniques compared with Conventional Two-dimensional Techniques: a Systematic Review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2023 Mar 31;14(1):e1. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2023.14101. PMID: 37180406; PMCID: PMC10170664.
6. Alkhayer A, Piffkó J, Lippold C, Segatto E. Accuracy of virtual planning in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Head Face Med. 2020 Dec 4;16(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s13005-020-00250-2. PMID: 33272289; PMCID: PMC7716456.
7. Cao RK, Li LS, Cao YJ. Application of three-dimensional technology in orthognathic surgery: a narrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Nov;26(21):7858-7865. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202211_30137. PMID: 36394734.
8. Ritto FG, Schmitt ARM, Pimentel T, Canellas JV, Medeiros PJ. Comparison of the accuracy of maxillary position between conventional model surgery and virtual surgical planning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Feb;47(2):160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.08.012. Epub 2017 Sep 23. PMID: 28950997.
9. Pandian SM, Gandedkar NH, kumar Palani S, Kim YJ, Adel SM. An integrated 3D-driven protocol for surgery first orthognathic approach (SFOA) using virtual surgical planning (VSP). InSeminars in Orthodontics 2022 Dec 1 (Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 320-333). WB Saunders.
10. Thawri SR, Paul P, Reche A, Rathi HP. 3D Technology Used for Precision in Orthodontics. Cureus. 2023 Oct 17;15(10):e47170. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47170. PMID: 38022318; PMCID: PMC10652056.
11. Erten O, Yılmaz BN. Three-Dimensional Imaging in Orthodontics. Turk J Orthod. 2018 Sep;31(3):86-94. doi: 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2018.17041. Epub 2018 Apr 11. PMID: 30206567; PMCID: PMC6124883.
12. Lin HH, Lonic D, Lo LJ. 3D printing in orthognathic surgery - A literature review. J Formos Med Assoc. 2018 Jul;117(7):547-558. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 3. PMID: 29398097.
13. Pittayapat P, Limchaichana-Bolstad N, Willems G, Jacobs R. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis in orthodontics: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014 May;17(2):69-91. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12034. Epub 2013 Dec 22. PMID: 24373559.
14. Lo LJ, Lin HH. Applications of three-dimensional imaging techniques in craniomaxillofacial surgery: A literature review. Biomed J. 2023 Aug;46(4):100615. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100615. Epub 2023 Jun 19. PMID: 37343928; PMCID: PMC10339193.
15. Devanna R. Two-dimensional to three-dimensional: a new three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography cephalometric analysis. J Orthod Res 2015;3:30e7.
16. Udomlarptham N, Lin CH, Wang YC, Ko EW. Does two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional surgical simulation produce better surgical outcomes among patients with class III facial asymmetry? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Aug;47(8):1022-1031. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.02.014. Epub 2018 Mar 30. PMID: 29606563.
17. Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Arsiwala L, Lee JH, Elhennawy K, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Demarco F, Krois J. Deep learning for cephalometric landmark detection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Jul;25(7):4299-4309. doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-03990-w. Epub 2021 May 27. PMID: 34046742; PMCID: PMC8310492.
18. STEPHEN A, SCHENDEL SA ,JACOBSON R : Three-Dimensional Imaging and Computer Simulation For Office-Based Surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009, 67:2107-2114
19. Hou X, Xu X, Zhao M, Kong J, Wang M, Lee ES, Jia Q, Jiang HB. An overview of three-dimensional imaging devices in dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2022 Dec;34(8):1179-1196. doi: 10.1111/jerd.12955. Epub 2022 Aug 15. PMID: 35968802.
20. Mozaffari MH, Lee WS. Freehand 3-D Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017 Oct;43(10):2099-2124. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.06.009. Epub 2017 Jul 14. PMID: 28716431.
21. Alhabshi MO, Aldhohayan H, BaEissa OS, Al Shehri MS, Alotaibi NM, Almubarak SK, Al Ahmari AA, Khan HA, Alowaimer HA. Role of Three-Dimensional Printing in Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Oct 30;15(10):e47979. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47979. PMID: 38034130; PMCID: PMC10686238.
22. Maspero C, Abate A, Bellincioni F, Cavagnetto D, Lanteri V, Costa A, Farronato M. Comparison of a tridimensional cephalometric analysis performed on 3T-MRI compared with CBCT: a pilot study in adults. Prog Orthod. 2019 Oct 21;20(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40510-019-0293-x. PMID: 31631241; PMCID: PMC6801285.
23. Lechuga L, Weidlich GA. Cone Beam CT vs. Fan Beam CT: A Comparison of Image Quality and Dose Delivered Between Two Differing CT Imaging Modalities. Cureus. 2016 Sep 12;8(9):e778. doi: 10.7759/cureus.778. PMID: 27752404; PMCID: PMC5063198.
24. TROULIS MJ, EVERETT P, SELDIN EB, KIKINIS R, KABAN LB : Development of a three-dimensional treatment planning system based on computed tomographic data, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002, 31: 349–357
25. Dalessandri D, Laffranchi L, Tonni I, Zotti F, Piancino MG, Paganelli C, Bracco P. Advantages of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the orthodontic treatment planning of cleidocranial dysplasia patients: a case report. Head Face Med. 2011 Feb 27;7:6. doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-7-6. PMID: 21352577; PMCID: PMC3053235.
26. BIANCHI A, MUYLDERMANS L, DI MARTINO M, LANCELLOTTI L, AMADORI S, SARTI A : Facial Soft Tissue Esthetic Predictions: Validation In Craniomaxillofacial Surgery With Cone Beam Computed Tomography Data, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010,68:1471-1479
27. Lin HH, Lo LJ. Three-dimensional computer-assisted surgical simulation and intraoperative navigation in orthognathic surgery: a literature review. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015 Apr;114(4):300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.017. Epub 2015 Mar 3. PMID: 25744942.
28. Alkaabi S, Maningky M, Helder MN, Alsabri G. Virtual and traditional surgical planning in orthognathic surgery - systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022 Nov;60(9):1184-1191. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2022.07.007. Epub 2022 Jul 29. PMID: 36030091.
29. Karwowska NN, Baron M, Stern-Buchbinder Z, Buchbinder D. Computer-assisted planning and patient-specific plates in orthognathic surgery: a global study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2023 Dec;136(6):673-680. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.05.011. Epub 2023 May 21. PMID: 37612163.
30. Bouletreau P, Makaremi M, Ibrahim B, Louvrier A, Sigaux N. Artificial Intelligence: Applications in orthognathic surgery. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Sep;120(4):347-354. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.06.001. Epub 2019 Jun 26. PMID: 31254637.
31. Pascal E, Majoufre C, Bondaz M, Courtemanche A, Berger M, Bouletreau P. Current status of surgical planning and transfer methods in orthognathic surgery. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Jun;119(3):245-248. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 22. PMID: 29476926.
32. Hallac RR, Feng J, Kane AA, Seaward JR. Dynamic facial asymmetry in patients with repaired cleft lip using 4D imaging (video stereophotogrammetry). J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;45(1):8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.11.005. Epub 2016 Nov 17. PMID: 28011182.
33. Van den Bempt M, Liebregts J, Maal T, Bergé S, Xi T. Toward a higher accuracy in orthognathic surgery by using intraoperative computer navigation, 3D surgical guides, and/or customized osteosynthesis plates: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018 Dec;46(12):2108-2119. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.10.012. Epub 2018 Oct 21. PMID: 30420150.
34. Ambroise B, Benateau H, Prevost R, Traore H, Hauchard K, Dia H, Veyssière A. The contribution of telemedicine to humanitarian surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018 Aug;46(8):1368-1372. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.05.037. Epub 2018 May 21. PMID: 29884315.
35. Robiony M, Bocin E, Sembronio S, Costa F, Bresadola V, Tel A. Redesigning the Paradigms of Clinical Practice for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the Era of Lockdown for COVID-19: From Tradition to Telesemeiology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 11;17(18):6622. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186622. PMID: 32932911; PMCID: PMC7557395.
36. Han JJ, Woo SY, Yi WJ, Hwang SJ. Robot-Assisted Maxillary Positioning in Orthognathic Surgery: A Feasibility and Accuracy Evaluation. J Clin Med. 2021 Jun 11;10(12):2596. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122596. PMID: 34208399; PMCID: PMC8231103.
37. Wu J, Hui W, Huang J, Luan N, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S. The Feasibility of Robot-Assisted Chin Osteotomy on Skull Models: Comparison with Surgical Guides Technique. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov 17;11(22):6807. doi: 10.3390/jcm11226807. PMID: 36431284; PMCID: PMC9696640.
38. Ho CT, Lai HC, Lin HH, Denadai R, Lo LJ. Outcome of full digital workflow for orthognathic surgery planning in the treatment of asymmetric skeletal class III deformity. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021 Dec;120(12):2100-2112. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.05.014. Epub 2021 Jun 3. PMID: 34092467.
39. Antonini F, Borba AM, Pagnoncelli RM, Han M, Markiewicz MR, Miloro M. Does a learning curve exist for accuracy in three-dimensional planning for maxillary positioning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jun;49(6):787-793. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.10.005. Epub 2019 Nov 7. PMID: 31706714.
40. Van Hemelen G, Van Genechten M, Renier L, Desmedt M, Verbruggen E, Nadjmi N. Three-dimensional virtual planning in orthognathic surgery enhances the accuracy of soft tissue prediction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jul;43(6):918-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.006. Epub 2015 Apr 30. PMID: 26027866.
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